The tombs are open and unguarded. Virgil tells him that the fate of the souls is to lie for eternity in these tombs. After they are joined with their bodies and return back in Hell from Jehoshaphat they will once again find themselves entombed for all eternity. Virgil points out the place where Epicurus and his followers are entombed. He adds that Dante's question will soon be answered and his unexpressed wish will be fulfilled as well.
Dante says that he is not keeping secrets just speaking minimally, as he has been advised by Virgil to speak sparingly. A voice from one of the tombs addresses Dante. It recognizes that Dante is Tuscan and from Florence.
A city with which he shade was too harsh during his lifetime. The Ninth Circle, the seat of Dis, punishes betrayal—sins that violate a relationship of particularly special trust. These are the loyalties to kin, to country and party, to guests, and to benefactors. Dante asks Virgil why these divisions of Hell exist, wondering why the sinners they have seen previously do not receive this same degree of punishment, as they too have acted contrary to divine will.
The disposition of incontinence offends God least, says Virgil, and thus receives a more lenient punishment, outside of the city of Dis.
Dante then asks for clarification of one more theological issue: why is usury a sin? Of all the cantos, Canto X may narrate the most action at the fastest pace; it also contains a remarkable amount of lyricism. Farinata interrupts Virgil and Dante without a word of prelude from Dante the poet.
The sharp, seemingly transitionless movement between one speech and another had almost no precedent in vernacular literature of the time. A second interruption occurs when Cavalcanti, the other soul, breaks in. This scene possesses a less uniform voice than the rest of the poem; it achieves its force through its contrasts. Dante thus brings out the intimately emotional side of political loyalty while showing the nobility in the seemingly humble love between father and son.
As a result, Dante the poet felt a connection to the Ghibellines; hence his peaceable conversation here with Farinata. One of the most impressive aspects of Inferno is the imaginative power with which Dante evokes suffering and torment, the skill with which he creates a fictional Hell out of a pastiche of poetic styles and philosophical and religious ideas. These cantos, for instance, repeatedly conflate biblical and Aristotelian moral arguments.
Historically speaking, Farinata was a powerful personality of the preceding generation. He belonged to the opposing political party, the Ghibellines, and the members of Dante's family were Guelphs. As Dante alludes to in this particular canto, Farinata twice led the Ghibellines against the Guelphs and twice defeated them. Thus, he and Dante should be bitter enemies. However, he is not someone whom Dante hates; instead, Farinata was a person that Dante admired tremendously.
A person can respect an enemy, even if they are opposed to him or her. Farinata's concerns are those of a warrior; any other sentiments are meaningless to him. He is a citizen, and he utters his request to Dante in the name of their homeland.
Farinata is also a partisan: He first asks Dante about his ancestors. Likewise, he is an invincible warrior: He tells of scattering his opponents twice. Farinata's greatest glory was his love for Florence, a love that withstood every hatred and saved his beloved city. The theme of Cavalcante's paternal love, interwoven with Farinata's heroic love, is effective. Dante created an image of Farinata as a very proud person, as well as an image of power, character, and strength.
He describes Farinata as raising himself erect so that he could only be seen from the waist up, as though his upper body represents his total personality. This posture suggests that spiritually, he towers above all of Hell and creates an image of infinite strength and grandeur.
Jehosaphat valley outside Jerusalem where it is believed that the Last Judgement will take place. Epicurus Greek philosopher. Farinata Farinata degli Uberti; famous leader of the Ghibelline party of Florence. Guido Guido Cavalanti, poet and friend of Dante; also Farinata's son-in-law.
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