HPV-related cancers include almost all cancers of the cervix, and a proportion of cancers of the anus, vulva, vagina, penis and throat. Gardasil 9 provides fully vaccinated people with protection against nine types of HPV including:. It replaced Gardasil, which protected against four HPV types and was in use between and Australia's Professor Ian Frazer and his team at the University of Queensland discovered how to make the vaccine particles, which form the basis of the HPV vaccine.
More than million doses of HPV vaccines have been administered worldwide as of May Over 10 million doses of Gardasil 9 have been given in the US in the past year. In the decade since its commercial release, the HPV vaccine has significantly lowered the risk of HPV-related cancers for thousands of women around the world, with over million doses distributed in countries to date.
The HPV vaccine has been extremely effective. In girls and young women aged nine to 26, the vaccines have been proven to protect against two types of HPV that cause about 70 per cent of cervical cancers if women have not already been exposed to these types , and two more types that cause about 90 per cent of genital warts.
The vaccine also protects against about 70 per cent of vaginal cancer cases and up to 50 per cent of vulva cancer cases. Just to give you an idea of the impact the vaccine has had — in the first four to five years after the program started, we observed a 77 per cent decrease in the number of year-old women with HPV for the HPV types covered by the vaccine.
Precancerous abnormalities also decreased — by 34 per cent in 20—24 year-olds, which means they will be at a much lower lifetime risk of ever developing cervical cancer. There was also a marked decline in anogenital warts in women in their early 20s, and a decline in the rates of genital warts in young heterosexual men, even before they were included in the vaccination program. Looking ahead, cervical cancer prevention in Australia will become even more effective, driven by a switch to HPV-based screening, and the potential introduction of a next-generation vaccine.
The new program is estimated to lower cervical cancer incidence and mortality by at least 20 per cent — thanks to the more accurate, effective and safer test. In the late s, Edward Jenner pioneered the first widely used vaccine, the smallpox vaccine.
Throughout the twentieth century, great and famous achievements were made in the field of vaccines, such as diphtheria, measles, mumps, rubella, and polio vaccines. The immune system can then recognise these molecules if they later enter the body, already knowing how to fight it and prevent it from spreading.
Vaccines are incredibly important for public health, have saved millions of lives, and have almost eradicated many infectious diseases that previously wiped out entire communities. In , Frazer and Zhou began to synthesise particles that mimicked HPV, from which the vaccine would later be made. Introducing these VLPs into the body via injection stimulates the body to create the antibodies needed to fight it and clear it from the body.
This factsheet discusses HPV and related cancers, use of the HPV vaccines for both females and males, and insurance coverage and access to the vaccines. There are more than strains of HPV, and while most cases of HPV infection usually resolve on their own, there are more than 40 strains that can cause cancer. Approximately HPV-related cancers have increased significantly in the past 15 years — in , 43, people developed an HPV-related cancer compared to 30, in While HPV-related cervical and vaginal cancer rates have decreased in recent years, rates for oropharyngeal and anal HPV-related cancers have increased.
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