Where is rio cobre

Brazil beat Colombia to qualify for Qatar World Cup. Jamaica News 2 min read. Health department warns against Rio Cobre water, fish consumption. Loop News. Loop is better in the app. Customize your news feed, save articles for later, view your reading history and more. Click the links below to download the app for Android and IOS.

Related Articles. Jamaica News. World News. Our Endz. More From. Consumers to pay more for eggs. Sponsored Stories. Stay Connected Facebook Twitter Instagram. These changes in conditions, flocculent mud deposits, calcite deposition and in-stream vegetation can explain the divergence in faunal composition at impacted sites when compared to Black River Table 1 and Figure 2. For example, the odonates, Enallagma coccum and Anax junius , which occur only at Victoria and Linstead, are associated with vegetation.

Physella jamaicensis and ostracods are also largely found in plant beds. Aquatic macrophytes fulfil several important functions which may promote species richness in the invertebrate community as they form a refuge for many species and act as a trap for organic material as well as increasing habitat heterogeneity by disrupting flow patterns Allen and Castillo Sodium hydroxide input would be expected to increase pH, but this was not detected at impacted sites Table 1.

The high calcium ion concentration provides buffering capacity and any fluctuations in pH and also pH-dependent release of aluminium due to addition of bauxite waste would be minimised.

It is likely that the sodium ions contribute to the elevated conductivity at impacted sites as was observed by Andrews et al. Comparing the composition of the invertebrate fauna at the four sites, it is evident that the greatest similarity exists between Black river and Deeside, and Victoria and Linstead Table 3. Taking into account the proportions of the component taxa Figure 1 , then Black river is clearly the outlier in relation to the other three sites.

The invertebrate community at Deeside is more diverse when compared to the Victoria and Linstead sites, where there is co-dominance by S. At Black River however, using either measure of diversity, the lowest mean value for diversity was recorded. Black River is a side stream of lower habitat complexity and stream order than the other three sites which are located on the main river. This factor would undoubtedly have an impact on community composition.

Unfortunately, it was not possible to locate an uncontaminated site on the main river channel above the point of entry of the bauxite waste. The dominance of two cased trichopteran larvae species at Black River contributes to the low diversity scores. The co-dominance of these two caddis families has been recognized in other tropical regions Dudgeon Larvae of Glossosomatidae require lower water temperatures and well oxygenated conditions Mackie which might explain their occurrence at this site.

Leptophlebiidae , Peters The two thiarid snails recorded from the samples are invasive species now widely established in Jamaica and throughout the wider Caribbean region eg Pointier The dominance of the latter species at the Victoria and Linstead sites might be explained by greater tolerance by M.

There is a high level of similarity in FFG proportions between the Victoria and Linstead sites with collectors predominating, whereas the importance of scrapers is much greater at the other 2 sites, to the extent that this group predominates in the Black River invertebrate community.

Scrapers are poorly represented at the other three sites Figure 2 when compared to Black River. According to Jacobsen et al.

Baetis spp. A similar position was taken by Shepard and Minshall This ambiguity means that it is difficult to draw rigid conclusions on the abundance of functional feeding groups at the Victoria and Linstead sites.

The lack of specialized feeding habits in Baetis may contribute to the resilience of this taxon to disturbance and help explain its abundance at the Victoria and Linstead sites.

A ready supply of particulate material would be available at the Victoria and Linstead sites but this would be a poor food source. Lower levels of suspended material on the other hand, would tend to promote the growth of periphyton, a food source for scrapers, hence the abundance of this FFG at Black River.

The oxygen requirements of members of the Hydropsychidae are quite low Mackie which would help explain the predominance of S. While this study does not provide evidence of a direct impact of bauxite processing waste on the macroinvertebrate community through metallic pollution, and while the results need to be interpreted with caution due to the limitations of a comparison between the impacted sites and a location which is not directly equivalent, it does seem to indicate that suspended material from the waste indirectly influences species composition at sites below the point of input by causing habitat alteration with concomitant changes in invertebrate fauna.

Dominance of S. Abrir menu Brasil. Biota Neotropica. Abrir menu. Introduction There has been no significant study on the effects of anthropogenic disturbance on the invertebrate fauna of Jamaican rivers.

Method The Rio Cobre is one of the largest rivers in Jamaica, at 30 km in length, with an extensive watershed km 2 , Andrews et al.

Monthly results were used in calculation of two indices, which use different models as the basis for estimating diversity, as follows: Simpson's Index D Equation 1 :. ABEL, P. Water pollution biology. Taylor and Francis, London. Stream ecology: Structure and function of running waters. Springer, Netherlands. Isotopic effects on inorganic carbon in a tropical river caused by caustic discharges from bauxite processing.

Reproduction in the Malayan freshwater cerithiacean gastropod Melanoides tuberculata J. BOON, P. The benthic ecology of rivers in the Blue Mountains Jamaica prior to construction of a water regulation scheme.

Hydrobiol Notes on the distribution and biology of Smicridea Trichoptera: Hydropsychidae in Jamaica. CAIN, D. Aquatic insects as bioindicators of trace element contamination in cobble-bottom rivers and streams. Fish Aquat. A history of biological monitoring using benthic macroinvertebrates. In FreshwaterBiomonitoring and benthic Macroinvertebrates D. Resh, eds. Chapman and Hall, New York. LEAL, J. Thermal tolerance, desiccation and humidity reactions of Thiara Tarebia granifera mauiensis Gastropoda: Thiaridae , host of the Asiatic lung fluke disease.

In The rivers handbook P. Petts, eds. Blackwell, Oxford. Catherine Plains. Catherine were affected. To complement the reconstructed dam, improvements were made to the conveyance system, mainly involving the lining of earthen canals to prevent leakage. Today, it is the source of water for agricultural, industrial and domestic purposes, serving the St.

Catherine Plains and communities in and around Spanish Town. Catherine for up to 13, hectares 8, acres to the south, as well as provide municipal water to Spanish Town. The NIC is an agency of the Ministry of Industry, Commerce, Agriculture and Fisheries, mandated to manage, operate, maintain and expand existing and future irrigation schemes and systems.

The organization aims to enable improvement in agricultural productivity, production and prosperity through the provision of irrigation and related services.